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The present study explored the effect of co-amorphous technology in improving the dissolution rate and stability of silybin based on the puerarin-silybin co-amorphous system prepared by the spray-drying method. Solid-state characterization was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD), polarizing microscopy(PLM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), etc. Saturated powder dissolution, intrinsic dissolution rate, moisture absorption, and stability were further investigated. The results showed that puerarin and silybin formed a co-amorphous system at a single glass transition temperature which was higher than that of any crude drug. The intrinsic dissolution rate and supersaturated powder dissolution of silybin in the co-amorphous system were higher than those of the crude drug and amorphous system. The co-amorphous system kept stable for as long as three months under the condition of 40 ℃, 75% relative humidity, which was longer than that of the single amorphous silybin. Therefore, the co-amorphous technology could significantly improve the dissolution and stability of silybin.
Subject(s)
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning , Desiccation , Drug Compounding/methods , Drug Stability , Silymarin , Solubility , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Technology , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
With the advantages of extensive sources, easy collection, renewability, high yield, carbon circulation, low pollution, and so on, Chinese medicinal solid waste can be converted into clean gas by pyrolysis and gasification, which is then able to serve for industrial production. This is of great practical significance in the context of energy shortage and for solid waste recycling in China. This paper reviews the research progress on biomass gasification principle, gasification medium, and reactor in gasification technology of Chinese medicinal solid waste in recent years. Meanwhile, based on the summary of related research, the defects and improvement measures regarding raw materials, gasification agents, by-products, and reactors were discussed, which provides direction for further development in the gasification technology of Chinese medicinal solid waste in the future.
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Biomass , China , Pyrolysis , Solid Waste , TechnologyABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the relationship between phase behavior of curcumin （CUR） from self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system （SNEDDS） and stability of the formed nanoemulsion in artificial gastrointestinal fluid. Method:The growth rate of precipitation after dispersion of CUR-SNEDDS was expressed by the change tendency of CUR supersaturation-time curve. The effect of drug loading on crystal nucleation and growth was investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and polarized light microscope， respectively. X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） were used to analyze the precipitation forms of CUR-SNEDDS with different drug loading in artificial gastrointestinal fluid. At the same time， the effect of drug loading on the quality stability of nanoemulsion formed by CUR-SNEDDS in artificial gastrointestinal fluid was investigated. Result:In the artificial gastrointestinal fluid， with the increase of drug loading， the area under the supersaturation-time curve of CUR was increased （100% drug loading≈90% drug loading>75% drug loading）， the crystallization nucleation and growth rate were accelerated （100% drug loading>90% drug loading>75% drug loading）， the amorphous proportion in the precipitation composition decreased， the nanoemulsion droplets adhered and distributed unevenly， the particle size and dispersivity were increased. Conclusion:High drug loading promotes the nucleation and growth of crystals， and increases the proportion of crystal forms in the precipitation composition， which leads to the decrease in the stability of the formed nanoemulsion. Therefore， it is suggested that the drug loading of CUR-SNEDDS needs to be controlled below 90%.
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Objective To provide a portable disposable endoscopy for preventing potential viral infection in the patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) or those who need emergency endoscopy and reducing the process of endoscopy cleaning and disinfection during the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Methods The novel portable and disposable endoscopy system (YunSendo) was self-designed. Two patients with suspected AUGIB underwent emergency gastroscopy with YunSendo system by a senior endoscopist. Standard image acquisition and assessments of operation performance and image quality were fulfilled to evaluate the preliminary safety, feasibility, and operation performance of the novel endoscopy. Results Emergency endoscopy was completed safely in two AUGIB patients by the YunSendo system without alternating current (AC) power supply. The endoscopic manipulation and observation, including water absorption, air inflation, water spray, body rotation, and specimen biopsy, can be smoothly and effectively achieved. The video-recording, image acquisition, and electronic graphic report output were achieved integratedly in YunSendo. The upper GI tract can be clearly visualized, with eligible specimen biopsy without any obvious adverse events and compilations. Operation time was similar to an ordinary gastroscopy. The disposable endoscope was discarded after use according to the requirements of the hospital infection-control department. Conclusions The novel portable and disposable endoscopy system, YunSendo, is safe and feasible for upper gastrointestinal examination, with favorable operation performance and image quality. The preliminary experience provides evidence for its convenient use of epidemic prevention.
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Objective: To study the relationship between the drug form of curcumin self-nano-emulsion (Cur-SNEDDS) after being dispersed in artificial gastrointestinal fluid and intestinal absorption in rats. Methods: The change trend of curcumin concentration-time curve was used to express the change of precipitation growth. The content and existing form of precipitation were studied by polarized light microscope (PLMC), HPLC, UV full-wavelength (UV) scanning, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), infrared spectrum (FT-IR), Raman spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum (1H-NMR). At the same time, the rat valgus intestinal sac model was used to investigate the effect of SNEDDS on the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of curcumin. Results: The content of curcumin in the precipitation produced by Cur-SNEDDS dispersion was about 95% of that of curcumin API, and the chemical structure did not change, but the crystal form changed, resulting in amorphous precipitation. Curcumin intermolecular interaction occurred in the dispersion system, and hydrogen bonds were formed. Compared with curcumin, Cur-SNEDDS significantly increased the release rate and degree of curcumin in vitro, and enhanced the absorption of curcumin in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon, and the Papp value increased by 6.22, 12.97, 25.71 and 36.75 times, respectively. Conclusion: After Cur-SNEDDS dispersion, the crystal structure of curcumin is changed, which exists in free, amorphous and crystal form, so as to significantly improve the in vitro release and intestinal absorption of curcumin.
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In order to improve the supersaturation and maintenance time of drug dispersion in curcumin self-nanoemulsion(CUR-SNEDDS), precipitation inhibitors(PPIs) were introduced to prepare curcumin supersaturated self-emulsion(CUR-SSNEDDS). The composition of CUR-SNEDDS prescriptions was selected through the solubility test, the compatibility of oil phase and surfactant, the investigation of the emulsifying ability of the surfactant and the drawing of the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Analytic hierarchy process was used in combination with central composite design-response surface method to optimize the prescription. The type and dosage of precipitation inhibitors(PPIs) were selected to maintain the supersaturated concentration and duration of CUR in artificial gastrointestinal fluids. At the same time, polarizing microscope was used to evaluate the crystallization inhibition effect and the quality and in vitro release behavior of CUR-SSNEDDS. The prepared CUR-SSNEDDS prescription was capryol 90-kolliphor RH40-transcutol HP-Soluplus(7.93∶66.71∶25.36∶5), with the drug loading of(65.12±1.25) mg·g~(-1). CUR-SSNEDDS was transparent yellow, and the nanoemulsion droplets were spherical with uniform distribution. The emulsification time was(21.02±0.13) s, the average particle size was(57.03±0.35) nm, the polydispersity index(PDI) was(0.23 ± 0.01), and the Zeta potential was(-18.10±1.30) mV. CUR-SSNEDDS significantly inhibited the generation and growth of crystals after in vitro dilution. The supersaturation could be maintained above 10 within 2 h, and the dissolution rate and degree of CUR in artificial gastrointestinal fluid were significantly increased. Soluplus could effectively maintain the supersaturated state of CUR and enhance CUR dissolution in vitro.
Subject(s)
Biological Availability , Curcumin , Emulsions , Nanoparticles , Particle Size , Solubility , Surface-Active AgentsABSTRACT
Objective::A new-type electrochemical sensor was developed by electrodepositing gold nanoparticle on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by Nafion-multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNTs) by the potentiostatic method, and used for the detection of rutin in practical samples. Method::The electrochemical properties of the sensor in potassium ferricyanide-potassium ferrocyanide system were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric method, in order to explore the electrochemical performance of the sensor. The electrochemical behavior of rutin on the surface of the sensor was studied by the cyclic voltammetric method, and the factors affecting the performance of the sensor were optimized. The content of rutin was determined by differential pulse voltammetric methods. Result::The optimized conditions were -0.25 V of the deposition potential of gold nanoparticle, 20 s of the deposition time, pH 3.0, and 6 μL of 1 g·L-1 carbon nanotube. Under the conditions, a good linear relationship between reduction peak current and rutin concentration was obtained from 5.0 ×10-9 to 7.0 ×10-7 mol·L-1, and the detection limit was 3.6×10-9 mol·L-1. Conclusion::The developed sensor has a good electrical conductivity and stability, and is highly sensitive and simple for the detection of rutin, with a low detection limit. It has been successfully applied to the detection of rutin in Sophorae Immaturus Flos with the recoveries between 97.6%and 104.4%, which provides a new method for the determination of rutin and a new idea for the quality control of Chinese medicinal materials.
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This study aimed to investigate the influence of combinating Huangqi with Fuzi on the pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids, i.e. aconitine (AC), hypaconitine (HA), mesaconitine (MA), benzoylaconine (BAC), benzoylhypaconine (BHA) and benzoylmesaconine (BMA). The plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by LC-MS for dose response and time dependent curves. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 3.3, and SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the differences of main pharmacokinetic parameters between the two groups. Comparing with Fuzi group, the AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ of six alkaloids in Fuzi-Huangqi group was significantly decreased, the CLz/Fof six alkaloids except HA was significantly increased; the Cmax was decreased and the tmax was prolonged in 3 monoester alkaloids, and the apparent volume of distribution of BMA and MA (Vz/F) increases. These data indicated that Huangqi can inhibit the absorption of aconite alkaloids, induce the distribution of aconite alkaloids to the whole body, and accelerate the elimination of aconite alkaloids. The animal experiment scheme in this study has been approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
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The biomass energy has been recognized as a clean fuel due to its advantages of regeneration, rich resource, carbon neutral, and environmental benignity. Meanwhile, the Chinese materia medica (CMM) residue is a typical biomass. Therefore, the CMM residue converted into energy and recycled for industrial production has been recognized as a higher-value utilization mode. Obviously, this model can not only realize disposal and transformation of residues, but also replace fossil fuels to reduce consumption and increase enterprise profits. The energy utilization strategies of herb residue have been reviewed based on all kinds of strategies such as direct combustion, fermentation for biogas and ethanol, pyrolysis. This paper can provide a reference for further exploiting and developing of higher-value energy utilization mode of herb residue and expanding of resource utilization approaches and levels.
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After nearly 70 years development,bariatric and metabolic surgery has become one of the most innovation and technical challenges sub-specialty in general surgery.Jejunoileal bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,vertical banded gastroplasty,biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch, adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy have ever dominated during the development of bariatric and metabolic surgery. In addition, new procedures such as minigastric bypass,are also being developed. Improvement in minimally invasive surgery, cognition of gastrointestinal and metabolic physiological mechanisms, and multidisciplinary treatment promote the development of bariatric and metabolic surgery.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate whether the berberine treatment can improve endothelial repair capacity of early endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from prehypertensive subjects through increasing CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>EPCs were isolated from prehypertensive and healthy subjects and cultured. In vivo reendothelialization capacity of EPCs from prehypertensive patients with or without in vitro berberine treatment was examined in a nude mouse model of carotid artery injury. The protein expressions of CXCR4/Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) signaling of in vitro EPCs were detected by Western blot analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CXCR4 signaling and alteration in migration and adhesion functions of EPCs were evaluated. Basal CXCR4 expression was significantly reduced in EPCs from prehypertensive patients compared with normal subjects (P<0.01). Also, the phosphorylation of JAK-2 of EPCs, a CXCR4 downstream signaling, was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Berberine promoted CXCR4/JAK-2 signaling expression of in vitro EPCs (P<0.01). Transplantation of EPCs pretreated with berberine markedly accelerated in vivo reendothelialization (P<0.01). The increased in vitro function and in vivo reendothelialization capacity of EPCs were inhibited by CXCR4 neutralizing antibody or pretreatment with JAK-2 inhibitor AG490, respectively (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Berberinemodified EPCs via up-regulation of CXCR4 signaling contributes to enhanced endothelial repair capacity in prehypertension, indicating that berberine may be used as a novel potential primary prevention means against prehypertension-related atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p>
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Objective To optimize the process conditions of the oil extraction ofseabuckthorn oil and to evaluate its antioxidant activity by anti-free radical action.Methods The extraction time and particle size of sea-buckseed oil were optimized by using the response surface software design-expert.Its antio xidant activity was studied through its anti-dpph free radical reaction.Results The best process of seabuckthorn seed oil was extracting time 3 h,material liquid than 1:8,extraction temperature 80 C,about 30 mesh size,the yield is highest at 11.13％.The optimum reaction time was 8 min in control,and with the increase of concentration,seabuckthorn oil antioxidant activity increased,when the addition amount of 4.00 ml sample,clearance rate as high as 77.62％.Conclusions This method is simple and reliable,the extraction rate is high,and the test results show that the oil has obvious anti-oxidative effect,which can be used as whitening and wrinkling products to delay the aging of human body.
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Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic dysfunction may influence the stability of normal pregnancy.The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) were found to be linked with epigenetic reprogramming.The present study aimed to examine the expression of the TET family and 5-hmC in the villi of human embryos and compared their expression between normal pregnancy and early pregnancy loss (EPL).Embryonic villi were collected from normal pregnant women (control) experiencing medical abortion and from EPL patients at gestation ages of 6,7 and 8 weeks.The mRNAs of TET family were analysed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR),and TET proteins using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis.The MethylFlashTM Kit was used to quantify the absolute amount of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hmC.Our results showed that the expression of the TETs and 5-hmC in the normal villus decreased with increasing gestational age.Immunohistochemistry revealed that the TET proteins were expressed in the cytoplasm of trophoblasts and their expression was the highest in the 6-week tissue samples,which was consistent with the qPCR and Western blot results.The expression of TET1,TET2,and TET3 was lower in the villi in EPL group than in normal pregnancy group (P＜0.05 for all).It was concluded that the TET family and 5-hmC are critical in epigenetic reprogramming of human embryo.The findings also suggest that a deficiency of TETs in the villus might be associated with human EPL.
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Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic dysfunction may influence the stability of normal pregnancy.The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) were found to be linked with epigenetic reprogramming.The present study aimed to examine the expression of the TET family and 5-hmC in the villi of human embryos and compared their expression between normal pregnancy and early pregnancy loss (EPL).Embryonic villi were collected from normal pregnant women (control) experiencing medical abortion and from EPL patients at gestation ages of 6,7 and 8 weeks.The mRNAs of TET family were analysed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR),and TET proteins using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis.The MethylFlashTM Kit was used to quantify the absolute amount of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hmC.Our results showed that the expression of the TETs and 5-hmC in the normal villus decreased with increasing gestational age.Immunohistochemistry revealed that the TET proteins were expressed in the cytoplasm of trophoblasts and their expression was the highest in the 6-week tissue samples,which was consistent with the qPCR and Western blot results.The expression of TET1,TET2,and TET3 was lower in the villi in EPL group than in normal pregnancy group (P＜0.05 for all).It was concluded that the TET family and 5-hmC are critical in epigenetic reprogramming of human embryo.The findings also suggest that a deficiency of TETs in the villus might be associated with human EPL.
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To identify target energy balance-related behaviors (ERBs), baseline data from 141 overweight or obese schoolchildren (aged 8-14 years old) was used to predict adiposity [body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage] one year later. The ERBs included a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet score (DASH score), leisure-time physical activity (PA, days/week), and leisure screen time (minutes/day). Several cardiometabolic variables were measured in the fasting state, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). BMI and fat percentage were measured using a BIA body composition analyzer (MC-980MA, TANITA, Tanita Co., Guangzhou, China). Partial correlation coefficients (partial r) and multiple linear regression models were used to predict BMI and fat percentage one year later. Our sample consisted of 114 boys and 83 girls with a mean BMI of 24.7±3.7 kg/m2 and fat percentage of 34.2%±8.3% at baseline. BMI, fat percentage, and certain cardiometabolic variables were negatively associated with DASH score and leisure-time PA (all P<0.05), but positively associated with leisure screen time (all P<0.05) at baseline. Statistically significant predictors of BMI and fat percentage one year later were baseline BMI (partial r=0.85), fat percentage (partial r=0.69), eating out (times/week, partial r=0.18), and DASH Score (partial r=-0.18). Overall, childhood obesity prevention interventions should target reductions in ERBs.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Adiposity , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Blood Pressure , Cholesterol , Blood , Feeding Behavior , Obesity , Metabolism , Psychology , Overweight , Metabolism , Psychology , Triglycerides , BloodABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the recovery effect of postural control by electrical stimulation acupoint massage after local muscle fatigue by investigating joint torque, surface electromyography (EMG) signal, balance ability and foot pressure distributions. Methods Six subjects (12 person-times) accepted isokinetic, SEMG and foot pressure test under the condition of normal rest or electrical stimulation acupoint massage after ankle fatigue. Results After electrical stimulation acupoint massage, ①the forward and backward displacement of COF (center of force) was significantly reduced and the contact area of T1, T2 and T4,5 was increased to (11.64±2.12), (6.57±0.97), (3.72±1.33) cm2, respectively. ② In ankle isokinetic test (90°/s), the total work of ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion was significantly increased to (56.71±13.26) and (19.75±3.79) J. ③ In right leg stance, RMS (root mean square) of the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius was decreased significantly; the ankle isokinetic test (90°/s) showed that the RMS of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius was increased from (48.95±13.50) and (33.67±6.41) μV to (59.87±11.46) and (43.73±4.65) μV, respectively. Conclusions Electrical stimulation acupoint massage can optimize the force strategy and improve the stability of the ankle, further improve the postural control ability, promote the recovery of sports ability and avoid sports injuries.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the quality of life in patients with prevertebral or retrosternal reconstruction after cervical tubular gastroesophagostomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 167 patients enrolled in this prospective study from July 2008 to June 2012 in Shantou Central Hospital, and divided into prevertebral route group(85 cases) and retrosternal route group(82 cases) according to the random number table method. Quality of life questionnaire was investigated 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after operation respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of anastomotic stenosis was lower in the prevertebral route group (P<0.05). However, the differences in perioperative general conditions between the two groups were not statistically significant(all P>0.05). One hundred and forty-nine patients completed the postoperative quality of life questionnaire. Dysphagia and swallowing retching symptom were better, while acid reflux and heartburn symptom were more serious in prevertebral route group as compared to retrosternal route group(all P<0.05). Overall quality of life score difference between the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For digestive tract reconstruction after resection of esophageal cancer, tubular gastroesophagostomy by prevertebral or retrosternal route both can obtain better quality of life after surgery. Swallowing function after surgery of the former is superior to the latter, but the reflux symptoms is more serious. Therefore the two mehods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of route should be depended on clinical experience and patient condition.</p>
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Humans , Deglutition Disorders , Digestive System Surgical Procedures , Esophageal Neoplasms , Esophagectomy , Gastrectomy , Postoperative Period , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Plastic Surgery ProceduresABSTRACT
To explore the mechanism of the absorption enhancement of Angelica dahurica extract (Ade), the absorption mechanism of baicalin in the Scutcllaria water extraction as well as the effect of Angelica dahurica extract on absorption of baicalin were investigated. In order to determine the main absorption site, everted intestinal sac model was used to study the effect of Angelica dahurica extract on the absorption of baicalin at duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. In situ single pass intestinal perfusion model was performed to study the absorption of various concentrations of baicalin and the effect of Angelica dahurica extract on the absorption of baicalin at the main absorption site. To authenticate the consequence of perfusion by getting the blood from the hepatic portal vein and determine the concentration of the baicalin in the blood. The result showed that baicalin could be absorbed at all of the four intestinal segments with increasing absorption amount per unit as follows: ileum > colon > jejunum > duodenum. The absorption ofbaicalin in the duodenum significantly increased with Angelica dahurica extract, thus, duodenum was chosen to be the studying site. Apparent permeability values (Papp) and absorption rate constant (Ka) of baicalin in the duodenum increased gradually with higher concentrations. When the concentration of baicalin rises to a certain degree, the absorption increase had a saturable process, the absorption of baicalin may be an active transportation. Baicalin may be not a substrate of P-gp as verapamil which had not significantly affected the Papp and Ka of baicalin. The absorption of baicalin in the duodenum significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the two models with Angelica dahurica extract and the concentration of baicalin in the blood from the hepatic portal vein showed that the Angelica dahurica extract can increase the absorption of baicalin.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Angelica , Chemistry , Drug Synergism , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Duodenum , Metabolism , Flavonoids , Pharmacokinetics , Herb-Drug Interactions , Intestinal Absorption , Intestines , Metabolism , Perfusion , Permeability , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Portal Vein , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Scutellaria , Chemistry , Verapamil , PharmacologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the change trend of the temperature asymmetry coefficient at acupoints between healthy side and affected side in patients with facial paralysis, to study the correlation between the temperature asymmetry and Facial Disability Index (FDI), to provide scientific guidance for the application of infrared thermography in the examination of severity of facial paralysis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the infrared thermography to observe the temperature asymmetry at acupoints, the temperature asymmetry coefficient at acupoints between healthy side and affected side was calculated; the correlation between the temperature asymmetry and FDI was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The correlation between the temperature asymmetry coefficient and FDI was statistically significant at acupoints of Yang-bai (GB 14), Cuanzhu (BL 2), Dicang (ST 4), Yuyao (EX-HN 4), Quanliao (SI 18), Jiache (ST 6) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The temperature asymmetry coefficient at acupoints between healthy side and affected side could be a scientific measure to evaluate the severity of facial paralysis.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Body Temperature , Facial Paralysis , Diagnosis , Therapeutics , ThermographyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in T lymphocytes of oral lichen planus (OLP) and the effects of Fas, FasL and activation-induced cell death (AICD) on OLP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The oral mucosa samples from patients with OLP and normal oral mucosa were assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay for nucleosomal DNA fragmentation of apoptotic cells in infiltrating lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical technique was used for detection of expression level of Fas and FasL. Immunohistochemical double labeling was performed to examine the expression of Fas and FasL in CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of apoptosis in infiltrating lymphocytes of OLP was (1.9 +/- 1.8)%, which was lower than that of normal oral mucosa (P = 0.013). The expression of Fas and FasL were increased in lymphocytes of OLP (P = 0.005 and 0.000 respectively). The positive rate of double labeled cells of CD8+ and Fas+ was not increased in OLP (P = 0.313), and of CD8+ and FasL+ in OLP was higher than that of normal oral mucosa (P = 0.002). The expression of double labeled cells of CD4+ and Fas+ in OLP was higher than that of control group (P = 0.031). The expression of CD4+ and Fas+ T cells in reticular OLP were increased (P = 0.019), and of CD4+ and FasL+ did not show remarkable change (P = 0.097).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There was a low frequency of lymphocytic apoptosis. T cells, especially CD8+ T cells in OLP and CD4+T cells in atrophic-erosive OLP appeared to escape from AICD, which may account for the persistence of inflammation. Some CD4+ T cells in reticular OLP may go through AICD.</p>